Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika
 Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Iri |
military (en)  |
| Tarihi | |
| Ƙirƙira | 1990 |
Ƙungiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziƙin ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOMOG) runduna ce mai dauke da makamai ta Yamma ta Afirka da kungiyar Tattalin arzikin Yammacin Afrika (ECOWAS) ta kafa. ECOMOG tsari ne na yau da kullun don sojoji daban-daban su yi aiki tare. Ma'aikata da albarkatun Sojojin Najeriya sun goyi bayansa sosai, tare da rukunin ƙarfin battalion da wasu mambobin ECOWAS suka ba da gudummawa - Ghana, Guinea, Saliyo, Gambiya, Laberiya, Mali, Burkina Faso, Nijar, da sauransu.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Najeriya da sauran mambobin ECOWAS sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Taimako na Tsaro, a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981. Daga cikin sauran gabobin kamar Kwamitin Tsaro da Majalisar, ya samar da kafa rundunar Sojojin Allied Armed Force of the Community (AAFC) kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Mambobin ECOWAS masu magana da Ingilishi sun kafa ECOMOG a cikin 1990 don shiga tsakani a yakin basasa a Laberiya (1989-97). Masanin Najeriya Adekeye Adebajo ya rubuta a shekara ta 2002 cewa "akwai cancanta... a cikin gardamar cewa kafa ECOMOG bai dace da bukatun shari'ar ECOWAS ba". Kwamitin Tsakanin Tsakanin, hukumar da ta kafa ECOMOG a taron da ta yi a Banjul, Gambiya a ranar 6-7 ga watan Agusta 1990, 'a kan tushe na shari'a'.[1] Adebajo ya kammala cewa muhawara da aka yi amfani da ita don kafa ECOMOG tana da tushe mai ƙarfi a siyasa fiye da doka. Ba a bi jagororin Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ba, kuma an tabbatar da ECOMOG da yawa a kan dalilai na jin kai.
A cikin Afirka, ECOMOG ta wakilci ƙoƙari na farko na amintacce na shirin tsaro na yanki tun lokacin da Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka (OAU) ta yi ƙoƙarin kafa 'Sojojin Afirka' don shiga tsakani a Chadi a 1981.
Membobin ECOMOG masu magana da Ingilishi sun yi aiki ne saboda yawancin mambobin ECOWAS masu magana da harshen Faransanci sun yi tsayayya da turawa.[2] Shugabannin Burkina Faso da Cote d'Ivoire sun goyi bayan Charles Taylor a yunkurinsa na kawar da Samuel Doe. Ba kamar aikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na yau da kullun ba, turawa ta farko ta ECOMOG ta haifar da yaƙi da hanyar shiga cikin yakin basasa na bangarori da yawa, a cikin ƙoƙari na tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi.
Kwamandan Sojoji na farko shi ne Lieutenant Janar Arnold Quainoo na Ghana, amma wani layin jami'an Najeriya ne ya gaje shi. Manjo Janar Joshua Dogonyaro ya maye gurbin Quainoo bayan Quainoo ya bar Monrovia don tattaunawa da manyan jami'an ECOWAS jim kadan bayan mutuwar Samuel Doe a hannun Yarima Johnson's Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1990.[3]
Bayan wasu abubuwan da Taylor ya yi cewa 'yan Najeriya masu magana da Ingilishi sun yi adawa da shi, an kawo sojojin Senegal tare da wasu tallafin kudi daga Amurka.[4] Ayyukansu, duk da haka, ba su da tsawo, bayan babban rikici da sojojin Taylor a Vahun, Lofa County a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1992, lokacin da aka kashe shida lokacin da taron magoya bayan NPFL suka kewaye motansu kuma suka buƙaci su mika jeep da maƙami.[5] Dukkanin sojoji 1,500 na Senegal an janye su a tsakiyar watan Janairun 1993.
A duk lokacin da aka yi aikin, cin hanci da rashawa da aka shirya ta hanyar sojojin ECOMOG sun jagoranci wasu 'yan Liberiya su sake yin amfani da acronym ECOMOG a matsayin "Kowane Motar ko Abu Mai Motar da ta Fitar". Stephen Ellis ya ba da rahoton daya daga cikin misalai mafi banƙyama kamar yadda aka cire kayan aikin sarrafa ƙarfe don siyarwa gaba ɗaya yayin da mahaɗin Buchanan ke ƙarƙashin ikon ECOMOG.
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da wasu tallafi ga rundunar ta hanyar kamfanin Amurka Pacific Architects & Engineers, wanda ya ba da motoci da direbobi. Sojojin Sama guda biyar C-130 Hercules sun kuma tura sojojin Afirka da kayayyaki a lokacin Operation Assured Lift a watan Fabrairu-Maris 1997.[6]
Bayan zaɓen Charles Taylor a matsayin Shugaban Laberiya a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1997, Kwamandan filin ƙarshe, Janar Timothy Shelpidi, ya janye rundunar gaba daya a ƙarshen 1998.
ECOWAS ta tura sojojin ECOMOG daga baya don sarrafa rikici a wasu lokuta:
- 1997 - Saliyo, don dakatar da tawaye na RUF.
- 1999 - Guinea-Bissau, don kawo ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Guinea-Bisau[7]
A shekara ta 2001, ECOWAS ta shirya tura mutane 1,700 a kan iyakar Guinea-Liberia don dakatar da shiga cikin 'yan tawaye da ke adawa da sabuwar gwamnatin bayan zaben 1998. Koyaya, faɗa tsakanin sabuwar gwamnatin Charles Taylor da sabuwar ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta LURD, tare da rashin kuɗi, yana nufin ba a taɓa tura ƙarfi ba.[8]
A shekara ta 2003 ECOWAS, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Amurka, ta kaddamar da irin wannan aikin da ake kira ECOMIL don dakatar da mamayar Monrovia da sojojin 'yan tawaye yayin da ake ci gaba da ƙoƙarin zaman lafiya, a lokacin yaƙin basasar Liberia na biyu. Ko da yaushe an yi niyya a matsayin dakarun wucin gadi, nan da nan ne aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na UNMIL ya yi nasara.
Kwamandojin ECOMOG
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin lokutan kwamandojin ECOMOG:
Laberiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Kwamandan | Kasar | Taken | Ranar da aka yi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Janar Janar Arnold Quainoo | Ghana | Kwamandan Sojoji | Yuli 1990 - Satumba 1990 |
| Mai Girma Joshua Dogonyaro | Najeriya | Kwamandan filin | Satumba 1990 - Fabrairu 1991 |
| Mai Girma Rufus Kupolati | Najeriya | Kwamandan filin | Fabrairu 1991 - Satumba 1991 |
| Mai Girma Ishaya Bakut | Najeriya | Kwamandan filin | Satumba 1991- Oktoba 1992 |
| Brig-Gen. Tunji Olurin | Najeriya | Kwamandan filin | Oktoba 1992 - Oktoba 1993 |
| Mai Girma John Shagaya | Najeriya | Kwamandan filin | Oktoba 1993 - Disamba 1993 |
| Mai Girma John Mark Inienger | Najeriya | Kwamandan filin | Disamba 1993 - Agusta 1996 |
| Mai Girma Victor Malu | Najeriya | Kwamandan Sojoji | Agusta 1996 - Janairu 1998 |
| Mai Girma Timothy Shelpidi | Najeriya | Kwamandan Sojoji | Janairu 1998 - Maris 1999 |
| Mai Girma Felix Mujakperuo | Najeriya | Kwamandan Sojoji | 1999 |
Saliyo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Kwamandan | Shekaru (s) |
|---|---|
| Manjo Janar Gabriel Kpamber | 2000 |
| Brig-Gen. Abu Ahmadu | 2000 |
| Brig-Gen. Maxwell Khobe[9] | 1999 |
| Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo | 1999 |
| Manjo Janar Abdul Daya Muhammadu | 1998 |
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Adekeye Adebajo, 'Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa,' Lynne Rienner/International Peace Academy, 2002, p.64-5, also citing David Wippman, 'Enforcing Peace: ECOWAS and the Liberian Civil War,' in Lori Fisler Damrosch (ed), 'Enforcing Restraint, Collective Interventions in Internal Conflicts,' New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1993, pp.157-203
- ↑ Berman and Sams, 2000, p.88-89
- ↑ Adekeye Adebajo, 'Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa,' Lynne Rienner/International Peace Academy, 2002, p.78-79
- ↑ Adekeye Adebajo, 2002, p.107
- ↑ Adebajo, 2002, p.108
- ↑ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/assured_lift.htm, accessed 2011
- ↑ United Nations Security Council Document 294. Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1216(1998) relative to the situation in Guinea-Bissau S/1999/294 17 March 1999. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ↑ Adebajo, 2002, p.234
- ↑ General Khobe served as the chief of staff of the Sierra Leone army after the war. He died of Encephalitis at the St. Nicholas Hospital in Lagos, due to injury from the war.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Adekeye Adebajo, 'Yaƙin basasar Liberia: Najeriya, ECOMOG, da Tsaron Yankin a Yammacin Afirka,' Lynne Rienner / Kwalejin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, 2002
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Binciken shigar ECOMOG a Laberiya da aka buga a cikin "Human Rights Watch World Reports", Volume 5, fitowar No. 6, Yuni 1993,
- ECOMOG: Misali don Afirka? ta Comfort Ero, Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro, Kwalejin Sarki ta London a cikin Monograph No 46, Fabrairu 2000 da Cibiyar Nazaren Tsaro ta buga.
- Bayanan martaba: Ecomog, BBC News Online, 17 Yuni 2004.
- ECOMOG: Mai Zaman Lafiya ko Mai Kasancewa?, BBC News Online, Fabrairu 11, 1998.
- Ofishin 'yan kasa da shige da fice na Amurka, Saliyo: Bayani game da juyin mulkin 1997 , cin zarafin fararen hula na ECOMOG, da halin da ake ciki a Saliyo, 5 ga Janairun 2000